I am using a permutation test (pulling random sub-samples) to test the difference between 2 experiments. Each experiment was carried out 100 times (=100 replicas of each). Each replica consists of 801 measurement points over time. Now I would like to perform a kind of permutation (or boot strapping) in order to test how many replicas per experiment (and how many (time) measurement points) I need to obtain a certain reliability level.
For this purpose I have written a code from which I have extracted the minimal working example (with lots of things hard-coded) (please see below). The input data is generated as random numbers. Here np.random.rand(100, 801) for 100 replicas and 801 time points.
This code works in principle however the produced curves are sometimes not smoothly falling as one would expect if choosing random sub-samples for 5000 times. Here is the output of the code below:
It can be seen that at 2 of the x-axis there is a peak up which should not be there. If I change the random seed from 52389 to 324235 it is gone and the curve is smooth.
Why is this the case? I have the semantically similar code in Matlab and there the curves are completely smooth at already 1000 permutations (here 5000).
Do I have a coding mistake or is the numpy random number generator not good?
Does anyone see the problem here?
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from multiprocessing import current_process, cpu_count, Process, Queue
import matplotlib.pylab as pl
def groupDiffsInParallel (queue, d1, d2, nrOfReplicas, nrOfPermuts, timesOfInterestFramesIter):
allResults = np.zeros([nrOfReplicas, nrOfPermuts]) # e.g. 100 x 3000
for repsPerGroupIdx in range(1, nrOfReplicas + 1):
for permutIdx in range(nrOfPermuts):
d1TimeCut = d1[:, 0:int(timesOfInterestFramesIter)]
d1Idxs = np.random.randint(0, nrOfReplicas, size=repsPerGroupIdx)
d1Sel = d1TimeCut[d1Idxs, :]
d1Mean = np.mean(d1Sel.flatten())
d2TimeCut = d2[:, 0:int(timesOfInterestFramesIter)]
d2Idxs = np.random.randint(0, nrOfReplicas, size=repsPerGroupIdx)
d2Sel = d2TimeCut[d2Idxs, :]
d2Mean = np.mean(d2Sel.flatten())
diff = d1Mean - d2Mean
allResults[repsPerGroupIdx - 1, permutIdx] = np.abs(diff)
queue.put(allResults)
def evalDifferences_parallel (d1, d2):
# d1 and d2 are of size reps x time (e.g. 100x801)
nrOfReplicas = d1.shape[0]
nrOfFrames = d1.shape[1]
timesOfInterestNs = [0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100] # 17
nrOfTimesOfInterest = len(timesOfInterestNs)
framesPerNs = (nrOfFrames-1)/100 # sim time == 100 ns
timesOfInterestFrames = [x*framesPerNs for x in timesOfInterestNs]
nrOfPermuts = 5000
allResults = np.zeros([nrOfTimesOfInterest, nrOfReplicas, nrOfPermuts]) # e.g. 17 x 100 x 3000
nrOfProcesses = cpu_count()
print('{} cores available'.format(nrOfProcesses))
queue = Queue()
jobs = []
print('Starting ...')
# use one process for each time cut
for timesOfInterestFramesIterIdx, timesOfInterestFramesIter in enumerate(timesOfInterestFrames):
p = Process(target=groupDiffsInParallel, args=(queue, d1, d2, nrOfReplicas, nrOfPermuts, timesOfInterestFramesIter))
p.start()
jobs.append(p)
print('Process {} started work on time \"{} ns\"'.format(timesOfInterestFramesIterIdx, timesOfInterestNs[timesOfInterestFramesIterIdx]), end='\n', flush=True)
# collect the results
for timesOfInterestFramesIterIdx, timesOfInterestFramesIter in enumerate(timesOfInterestFrames):
oneResult = queue.get()
allResults[timesOfInterestFramesIterIdx, :, :] = oneResult
print('Process number {} returned the results.'.format(timesOfInterestFramesIterIdx), end='\n', flush=True)
# hold main thread and wait for the child process to complete. then join back the resources in the main thread
for proc in jobs:
proc.join()
print("All parallel done.")
allResultsMeanOverPermuts = allResults.mean(axis=2) # size: 17 x 100
replicaNumbersToPlot = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])
replicaNumbersToPlot -= 1 # zero index!
colors = pl.cm.jet(np.linspace(0, 1, len(replicaNumbersToPlot)))
ctr = 0
f, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2, figsize=(12, 12))
axId = (1, 0)
for lineIdx in replicaNumbersToPlot:
lineData = allResultsMeanOverPermuts[:, lineIdx]
ax[axId].plot(lineData, ".-", color=colors[ctr], linewidth=0.5, label="nReps="+str(lineIdx+1))
ctr+=1
ax[axId].set_xticks(range(nrOfTimesOfInterest)) # careful: this is not the same as plt.xticks!!
ax[axId].set_xticklabels(timesOfInterestNs)
ax[axId].set_xlabel("simulation length taken into account")
ax[axId].set_ylabel("average difference between mean values boot strapping samples")
ax[axId].set_xlim([ax[axId].get_xlim()[0], ax[axId].get_xlim()[1]+1]) # increase x max by 2
plt.show()
##### MAIN ####
np.random.seed(83737) # some number for reproducibility
d1 = np.random.rand(100, 801)
d2 = np.random.rand(100, 801)
np.random.seed(52389) # if changed to 324235 the peak is gone
evalDifferences_parallel(d1, d2)
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